[DOWNLOAD] "Snip and Prevent! Medically Performed Circumcision--a Strategy for Reducing the Transmission of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) (Report)" by South African Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology ~ eBook PDF Kindle ePub Free

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eBook details

• Title: Snip and Prevent! Medically Performed Circumcision--a Strategy for Reducing the Transmission of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) (Report)
• Author : South African Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
• Release Date : January 01, 2008
• Genre: Health & Fitness,Books,Health, Mind & Body,
• Pages : * pages
• Size : 83 KB

Description

Male circumcision has been practised for thousands of years as part of a religious ceremony shortly after birth, as a traditional 'coming of age' at puberty in some cultures and as a medical procedure to prevent urinary tract and sexually transmitted infections, and for the treatment of phimosis. Simply put, male circumcision is the surgical removal of all or part of the prepuce (foreskin). The surgical incision of healthy skin, particularly if done in childhood, for the prevention of diseases that may or may not occur years later has always been controversial. However, observational studies indicate that male circumcision may have beneficial effects in the prevention of HIV. (1,2) In a prospective study of 2 298 HIV-uninfected men attending sexually transmitted clinics in India, Reynolds et al. (1) noted that circumcision was protective against HIV-1 infection (relative risk (RR) 0.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04-0.62; p=0.0089) but did not protect against other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as gonorrhoea. These authors suggested a biological rather than a behavioural effect for this reduction in acquiring HIV-1 in adult males. More recently, two randomised, controlled clinical trials (RCTs) have shown considerable benefit of medically performed adult male circumcision in reducing the transmission of HIV in men, (3,4) confirming findings from an earlier study in South Africa. (5) These three trials have significant public health implications in the fight against HIV/AIDS. (3-5) The South African trial was carried out near Johannesburg; 3 274 young men aged 18-24 years were randomised to immediate (N=1 617) or later (N=1 657) circumcision. Following a planned interim analysis the trial was halted, as a 60% relative reduction in HIV risk associated with circumcision was found. (5) Although these findings were seen in a positive light, concerns were raised about a number of methodological factors in this study. The results of two ongoing studies in Kenya and Uganda were therefore eagerly awaited. The results of these latter studies were published in The Lancet in February 2007. (3,4) Both trials involved adult, HIV-negative, heterosexual male volunteers randomly assigned to either intervention (circumcision performed by trained medical professionals in a clinic setting) or no intervention (no circumcision). Men in the control group were offered circumcision at the end of the study. All participants were extensively counselled in HIV prevention and risk reduction techniques.

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